What factors influence colleges when filling their freshman class?

College admissions is definitely a subjective process. Colleges must delicately balance a student’s application along with the goals and priorities set by each individual college. While much is written about admissions criteria for students, it’s normal to wonder how the colleges fill their freshman class.

In 2014, Rachel B. Rubin, a doctoral student in education at Harvard University, researched and authored a study on how and why colleges choose some students over others. In her study, she found that most colleges focus first on academic merit. They base the first cut on grades, rigor of high school courses, test scores and so on. Although each college has an individual formula differentiating the relative weight that is given to these various factors, the result is the same: students who do better than others in this area are more likely to be admitted.

Beyond the academic factors, colleges look to create a well-balanced freshman class. This means they look at demographics (where a student is from), minority factors, special talents such as sports or music and any other attributes that might set the student apart and be a welcome addition to the college student body.

Large public universities tend to follow this admissions pattern and a student with an excellent academic record is likely to be admitted. In Texas, all students in the top 10 percent of their class receive automatic admission to any state university.

How are elite colleges and large public universities different?

Elite institutions and small private colleges are a whole other ball game. Ms. Rubin’s findings revealed that these colleges group applicants into “pools” and applications are compared within these individual pools, but not overall. “Certain pools receive preference, largely as a result of the perceived benefits of a particular applicant’s background, academic characteristics, and exceptional talents, and their relationship with a university’s needs.”

For elite colleges, institutional fit is often more important than a student’s academic merit. These colleges do the initial cut based on other factors: student essays, recommendations, and specific questions related to whether a student will contribute to the college in various ways. Each college has their own unique set of qualifiers based on the type of freshman class they want to achieve.

Although academic merit is considered important, the vast majority of applicants to these elite colleges have the appropriate level of academic merit. This allows the colleges to weigh this later, and focus on other parts of creating a freshman class.

What are the most favored factors used to determine institutional fit?

For these elite colleges, the two most favored factors are underrepresented minority status and exceptional talent, which is, of course, any talent the college feels might add to their freshman class. For those colleges who responded to Ms. Rubin’s survey that started with “fit” as their focus, these four factors were the top contenders:

• Underrepresented race/ethnicity–42%
• Exceptional talent–42%
• Recruited athlete status–7%
• Likelihood of enrolling–7%
• Fund-raising potential–2%

These practices may not be considered “fair” among parents and students. A student with a strong academic background that doesn’t fall into any of these categories might not be offered admission. But another student with a lesser academic resume who does fall into one of these categories and helps the college create a diverse freshman class might be.  However, each college is allowed the freedom to create their own ranking system for applicants.

What happens after the initial cut is determined?

After colleges have made the initial cut, whether by academics or institutional fit, most colleges have a more formal system. Two readers review the application and all its corresponding documents, with a third reader or entire team to help make the difficult calls. At this state, the colleges that made the first cut using academics, discuss “fit”, and colleges that made the first cut with “fit”, discuss academics.

How can this information help applicants?

While it’s impossible to “get into the heads” of admission officers, it’s important to take into account the college’s means of choosing applicants. If a student is applying to a public university, it’s important to have a strong academic record. If a student is applying to an elite college, it’s important to remember that most all applicants will have a strong academic record. The student will need more than exceptional grades to receive an offer of admission. He will need to fall into one the other categories these colleges use to determine admission.

As always, the key ingredient to applying to college is fit. If a student does his homework, researches the colleges, is at the top of the applicant pool, and fits well with the current body of students, his chances of being offered admission are extremely good. Without that fit, the chances of being offered admission are slim.